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Title : Tips Today Nutrient Reward: Approaching A Scientific Consensus
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Tips Today Nutrient Reward: Approaching A Scientific Consensus

Review papers render a bird's-eye sentiment of a plain from the perspective of experts.  Recent review papers demo that many obesity researchers are converging on a model for the evolution of obesity that includes excessive nutrient reward*, inwards add-on to other factors such every bit physical inactivity, behavioral traits, too alterations inwards the business office of the hypothalamus (a key encephalon portion for the rule of trunk fatness).  Take for instance the 4 novel review papers I posted late yesteryear obesity too vantage researchers:

Food too Drug Reward: Overlapping Circuits inwards Human Obesity too Addiction
Common Cellular too Molecular Mechanisms inwards Obesity too Drug Addiction
Is Fast Food Addictive?
Metabolic too Hedonic Drives inwards the Neural Control of Appetite: Who is the Boss?

The truth of the thing is, obesity researchers take away keep been converging on the nutrient vantage hypothesis for years now-- too I'm a relative latecomer.  I late came across an outstanding 2008 review newspaper yesteryear several leaders inwards the plain titled "Mechanisms of Leptin Action too Leptin resistance" (1).  I highly recommend this review to anyone alongside a background inwards the biological sciences who wants to sympathise how leptin plant inwards both the lean too obese state.  Here's a passage from the destination of the paper:

Some show exists for developmental alterations inwards neural too other systems that may underlie roughly propensity to obesity, but the laid upwardly availability of palatable, calorically dense nutrient (the Blue Planet for [diet-induced obesity] inwards experimental animals) clearly plays a dominant role. Indeed, the obesity too cellular leptin resistance of [diet-induced obese] animals are reversed yesteryear replacing the palatable calorie-dense chow used to promote obesity alongside criterion chow. Although roughly of the obesogenic effects of tasty foods may last due to their nutrient content, the hedonic or rewarding properties of these foods too contribute...

How so is the activeness of leptin to regulate the perception of nutrient vantage overwhelmed to promote obesity inwards the expression of plentiful tasty food? Leptin is entirely ane of many inputs into the mesolimbic [dopamine] organisation too other neural pathways that regulate the perception of nutrient reward, too physiological leptin levels may non last able to suppress the myriad other signals that compel us to eat tasty food. Although leptin may reasonably inhibit the drive to overeat foods alongside entirely modestly rewarding properties, leptin may last insufficient to effectively compete alongside the rewarding properties of to a greater extent than palatable treats because these more-rewarding foods engage powerful neural responses that oppose leptin inside the mesolimbic [dopamine] organisation too elsewhere.

Basically, what they're maxim is pretty simple: the brain's hard-wired mechanisms for regulating nutrient intake too obese volume inwards a natural surroundings are non sufficient to protect against modern hyper-palatable too hyper-rewarding food.  These are researchers who primarily report the mechanisms of leptin resistance inwards the brain.  If anything, they take away keep an incentive to de-emphasize the nutrient vantage hypothesis every bit it potentially takes the spotlight off their ain inquiry (the same applies to me).  The fact that they nevertheless house such a strong emphasis on the thought speaks volumes. 

The mag Cell exactly published a review newspaper yesteryear Drs. Karen Ryan, Randy Seeley too Stephen Woods-- Drs. Seeley too Woods are leaders inwards obesity inquiry (2).  Here's what they had to tell nearly nutrient reward:

When a [high-fat diet] is of a abrupt made available to an individual, sensory properties of the nutrient (e.g., odor, taste, oral cavity feel) are intrinsically pleasant too Pb to to a greater extent than nutrient existence consumed. As this continues, excess calories accumulate every bit increased adiposity, too increased circulating obese acids Pb to increased lipid flux into the brain, insulin/leptin resistance, an inflammatory condition, too so on. Stated roughly other way, the increased palatability of the diet initiates a barbarous wheel inwards which hedonics crusade to a greater extent than nutrient to last eaten than is necessary to run across release energy needs, too the increased calories inwards plough initiate events that Pb to insulin/leptin resistance too a consequent style to eat fifty-fifty to a greater extent than food (Figure 4).

It's worth noting that they're referring specifically to insulin too leptin resistance inwards the brain inwards that passage.  I make differ alongside them somewhat on the utilization of obese per se.

Dr. Robert Lustig exactly published an editorial inwards the mag Nature titled "Public Health: the Toxic Truth About Fructose" (3).  First of all, congratulations to Dr. Lustig for publishing his missive of the alphabet inwards such a high-impact journal.  He argues that carbohydrate consumption should last regulated yesteryear the authorities because inwards excess, it's a threat to populace health.  One department of the article describes sugar's effects on the vantage too pleasance systems inwards the brain:

Sugar too has clear potential for abuse. Like tobacco too alcohol, it acts on the encephalon to encourage subsequent intake. There are straightaway numerous studies examining the dependence-producing properties of carbohydrate inwards humans⁶. Specifically, carbohydrate dampens the suppression of the hormone ghrelin, which signals hunger to the brain. It too interferes alongside the normal carry too signalling of the hormone leptin, which helps to create the feeling of satiety. And it reduces dopamine signalling inwards the brain's vantage centre, thereby decreasing the pleasance derived from nutrient too compelling the private to eat more^{1, 6}.

Another overnice nutrient vantage review newspaper (4), hot off the presses, had this to say:

Food reward, non hunger, is the principal driving forcefulness behind eating inwards the modern obesogenic [obesity-promoting] environment. Palatable foods, by too large calorie-dense too rich inwards sugar/fat, are thus readily overconsumed despite the resulting wellness consequences.

Last but non least, my ain recent review newspaper on obesity, published inwards the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology too Metabolism (5).  I don't claim to last a leader inwards the obesity inquiry field, but my mentor Dr. Michael W. Schwartz, senior writer on the paper, is.  Here's what nosotros had to say:

These findings collectively propose that obesity tin arise when animals or humans are confronted alongside foods whose palatability/reward value greatly exceeds that to which they are genetically adapted, too thus that interventions that inhibit nutrient vantage tin forestall obese gain too promote obese loss.

These latter 4 review papers were all published inwards the final twosome of months. 

Approaching a Consensus

There are many dissimilar inquiry groups approaching obesity from many dissimilar angles, but most of the review papers existence published today admit the primal utilization of nutrient vantage inwards the evolution of obesity.  The ground is simple: the thought is strongly supported yesteryear the scientific literature, but it's too exactly mutual sense.  In whatever scientific discipline, at that spot volition ever last roughly disagreement, but the show at this indicate is strong plenty that the plain every bit a whole seems to last reaching a consensus.


* Reward.  The encephalon contains a "reward" system, whose project it is to justice the desirability of nutrient (among other things) too reinforce too motivate behaviors that favor the acquisition of desirable food.  For example, if you lot eat a strong cheese for the kickoff time, perchance it won't gustation real goodness to you.  As it's digested, your vantage organisation gets air current that it's total of calories however, too the side yesteryear side few times you lot eat it, it tastes meliorate too meliorate until you lot similar the flavor.  This is called an acquired taste, too the vantage organisation is what does the acquiring, motivating you lot to obtain a nutrient it has deemed rubber too desirable.  Eventually, you lot may locomote out of your agency to buy the cheese or beer at the grocery shop because you lot similar it so much, too perchance you'll eat cheese or beer fifty-fifty if you lot aren't hungry or thirsty.  This is an instance of the vantage organisation reinforcing too motivating behaviors related to foods that it considers desirable.  Processed "junk foods" such every bit H2O ice cream, fast food, sweetened soda, cookies, cake, candy too deep fried foods are all archetypal hyper-rewarding foods. 

Palatability is a related concept-- it is exactly the pleasantness of a food; how much a individual enjoys eating it.  Palatability is determined inwards component subdivision yesteryear inborn preferences (e.g., a gustation for carbohydrate too release energy dense foods), too inwards component subdivision yesteryear the vantage organisation (acquired tastes).  Palatability is governed yesteryear the hedonic organisation inwards the brain, which is closely integrated alongside the vantage system.

The vantage organisation is what motivates you lot to larn nutrient too position it to your lips, every fourth dimension you lot eat.  When scientists unopen it downwards inwards mice, they completely cease eating (6).  The hedonic organisation influences how much you lot eat ane time you lot laid out a meal-- highly palatable nutrient by too large increases nutrient intake yesteryear activating this organisation (7).  Together, vantage too hedonic circuitry inwards the encephalon decide inwards large component subdivision how oftentimes you lot eat, what you lot eat, too how much you lot eat, too this is influenced yesteryear the attributes of the nutrient that's available.

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